In early July 2024, in a rented, empty warehouse in Germany, a local drug dealer recorded himself showing off his stash of half a tonne of cannabis during a livestream, broadcasting his haul – entrusted to him by a Dutch criminal network – to an online audience. Later that night, while the dealer was out partying, 300 kilograms of that cannabis disappeared, allegedly stolen by one of his online viewers.

The cannabis theft unleashed an unprecedented wave of violence in Germany’s North Rhine-Westphalia region, attributed to the so-called ‘Mocro’ mafia – an infamous criminal ecosystem most commonly associated with the Netherlands. Since then, at least six makeshift explosive devices have been detonated across the region, with one incident resulting in the death of a 17-year old Dutch national in a failed attempt to blow up a restaurant. The fallout from the stolen cannabis has also led to the kidnapping and torture of a member of another major criminal network, and the Dutch criminals have offered a substantial bounty for the thieves. A Bonn police officer was detained on suspicion of working with the Dutch criminal network behind these attacks.

The German public could hardly believe that all these incidents happened in the space of just a few weeks. Until recently, Germans viewed organized crime developments in neighbouring countries – shoot-outs, targeted killings of journalists and witnesses, the violent liberation of prisoners and hundreds of explosive attacks – with distant astonishment. Despite Germany’s proximity to countries affected by escalating violence, such as the Netherlands, Belgium and France, such levels of criminality seemed a remote problem. However, in 2023, the Global Organized Crime Index had pointed to rising levels of criminality and declining resilience in Germany, a trend that now arguably appears to have been confirmed by incidents such as these.

Although a massive increase in cocaine seizures, the infiltration of port infrastructure and high-level art thefts have lately raised alarm bells in Germany, violent incidents have tended to be isolated and limited in scope. However, recent developments suggest that the country is not immune to the spillover effects of escalating criminal dynamics.

The ‘Mocro’ mafia

Germany’s illicit drug market is highly diversified and competitive. Criminal ecosystems in major German cities are dominated by a mix of networks – German, Russian-Eurasian, Turkish, Balkan, Arab, Kurdish and Italian, to name a few. These groups control different segments of the retail and wholesale markets, influencing different supply chains and regions across the country.

Among these networks is the so-called ‘Mocro’ mafia, a key player in smuggling cocaine valued at over €10 billion annually into ports in the Netherlands and Belgium, predominantly from Latin America. Its origins can be traced back to the 1960s, a period marked by significant Moroccan immigration to the Netherlands. However, the Mocro mafia embraces a broad array of criminal networks that include members of different ethnic backgrounds. With the particular Dutch mix of licit cannabis retailing and an illicit wholesale market, local criminal networks of the Mocro mafia benefitted massively from supplying the coffee shop business, growing in size and power.

Today, these networks have extended their reach beyond the Netherlands, establishing a significant presence in Europe’s cocaine industry. They have become notorious for their readiness to deploy violence against anyone who gets in their way. Their violent reputation was largely built around the high-profile murders in the Netherlands of lawyer Derk van Wiersum in 2019 and crime reporter Peter R. de Vries in 2021. Even the former Dutch prime minister had to face heightened security measures throughout 2022 due to threats from organized crime.

As the Mocro mafia spreads its influence across Europe, Germany is becoming an increasingly important hub for its expanding cocaine operations. The country’s central location in Europe, coupled with its excellent infrastructure, make it an ideal node for European criminal activities. The recent decline in cocaine seizures in the ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam may be an early sign of a shift in the centre of gravity of organized crime in north-western Europe.

What’s next?

Given the diversity of organized crime networks in Germany and the complexity of its criminal ecosystems, there is a significant risk that competition between criminal groups will escalate violence in Germany. The decoding of Encrochat and SkyECC revealed that drug trafficking cartels in particular are more often better armed than other criminal groups. These groups are more likely to use weapons to settle turf wars, intimidate rivals and punish those who defect.

Meanwhile, European drug markets are being shaken by shifting power dynamics and emerging trends. These include the possible rerouting of Europe’s cocaine routes, potential heroin shortages following the Taliban’s second opium ban, the disruption of the northern heroin route by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the rise of psychoactive substances such as synthetic cathinones. In addition, the slow but steady influx of synthetic opioids and the legalization of non-commercial cannabis in some countries are creating new criminal opportunities.

Some have speculated that the recent violent incidents in western Germany are linked to Germany’s cannabis legalization, although drawing a causal link between them lacks scientific evidence and is a far stretch.

However, as European drug markets evolve and supply patterns shift, an increase in criminal violence is a likely scenario. While many countries may opt for a hard-line approach to organized crime – a strategy already evident in Germany – a focus on single criminal networks, such as the Mocro mafia, is unlikely to have sustainable success. Such strategies tend to overestimate the relevance of some groups while creating power vacuums that other groups can exploit, potentially escalating violence.

Strengthening criminal investigations of organized crime groups, rather than prosecuting members for individual offences, is a major challenge but a promising way to build resilience to the growing threat of criminal violence. In addition, implementing the second pillar of Germany’s cannabis legalization – piloting a legal cannabis supply chain in addition to home cultivation and cannabis clubs – is imperative to avoid inadvertently creating an economic stimulus programme for organized crime.

Examples from other countries and regions show that independent research by civil society organizations is crucial to complement official data on organized crime and to better understand criminal dynamics, beyond the daily headlines. This is particularly true for the rapid development of the drug market in Europe. Compared to other countries such as Italy, civil society responses in Germany are limited and there is little independent research on the dynamics of organized crime. The recent spillover of criminal violence into Germany is part of a larger trend – one that requires ongoing monitoring and analysis to better anticipate such developments.