In the early hours of 25 April 2024, employees of a well-known supermarket chain in southern Berlin made a startling discovery: while unpacking a delivery of bananas, they came across several packages containing white powder.   

They were not the only ones. Over the course of the day, similar loads were found in six other supermarkets owned by the same company in Berlin and four supermarkets in the surrounding state of Brandenburg. That afternoon, the authorities announced that the white powder was in fact cocaine, and that 200 kilograms of the substance had been seized in the seven Berlin supermarkets alone.  

The use of banana freight to smuggle cocaine into Europe is fairly common – after all, bananas and cocaine share common points of origin. In 2023, Germany imported around 1.3 million tonnes of bananas, mainly from Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica, some of the world’s top producers or transit countries of cocaine. Drug traffickers have long realized that hiding cocaine in these shipments is a good way to evade port authorities. Organized crime groups typically use the rip-on/rip-off system, in which cocaine is removed from containers upon arrival at major ports and the containers resealed with counterfeit customs seals to disguise the tampering. 

Cocaine seizures at ports in Germany and across Europe have increased dramatically in recent years (seizures in the port of Hamburg, for example, have tripled since 2019). But there is little doubt that such seizures only scratch the surface of the problem. The law enforcement operation against messaging service EncroChat also brought to light the scale and sophistication of the cocaine business in Hamburg, which has become one of Europe’s major drug trans-shipment hubs. While levels of violence and corruption have not reached those of Rotterdam and Antwerp, there are signs that Hamburg is catching up. The port has seen increasingly aggressive organized crime behaviour, such as a series of incursions in 2023 (allegedly to take cocaine shipments out of the port), as well as growing violence between competing criminal networks.  

Domestically, there are clear indications that the cocaine market has boomed in recent years. The amount of cocaine seized in Germany has increased sevenfold, from 5 tonnes in 2018 to 35 tonnes in 2023. While some of the product may be lost, as in the Brandenburg supermarkets, these amounts may be trivial to the networks involved, a business expense to be written off along with the cost of seizures. And with ongoing oversupply of cocaine in source countries – production has allegedly more than doubled since 2014 – the cocaine pipeline to Germany seems set to become even busier. 

For many Germans, the extent of organized crime activity in their country may come as a surprise. ‘There was a perception that Germany, as other European countries, was immune to organized crime,’ said Mark Shaw, director of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC), at a conference hosted by the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation in Berlin on 14 May 2024. However, as Shaw noted, the findings of the Global Organized Crime Index suggest the opposite. Between 2021 and 2023, Germany’s criminality levels increased while the country’s resilience to organized crime declined. Drug trafficking, human trafficking and financial crime were the illicit markets identified as having grown the most between 2021 and 2023. 

Organized crime has been on the radar of policymakers for decades. The shooting of six ‘Ndrangheta members in Duisburg in 2007 was a key moment in the debate on organized crime in Germany, and several high-profile art thefts by so-called clan-based criminal groups – notably, the burglaries of the Dresden Green Vault in 2019 and the Bode Museum in 2017 – triggered massive public outrage and put organized crime higher on the political agenda.  

In addition, the last two years have seen a flurry of activity. In 2022, the federal government adopted a full-fledged strategy to counter serious and organized crime, and the 2023 National Security Strategy identified organized crime as a substantial threat. A new government agency – the Federal Office to Combat Financial Crime – is being established. Germany has also joined the coalition of European countries against organized crime and convened the Hamburg Summit on 7 May 2024, which adopted an ambitious declaration. The participating countries – Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain – committed themselves to enhancing the resilience of their countries’ logistical hubs to organized crime, to intensifying efforts to disrupt the upstream flow of cocaine in countries of origin and transit, and to focusing on dismantling criminal networks.  

Additional measures are being taken to address the cocaine pipeline itself. In February and March 2024, the minister of the interior and community, Nancy Faeser, visited Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia to improve cooperation with the main source and transit countries for cocaine. And in Hamburg, the police have launched a campaign to prevent port workers from becoming involved with organized crime groups, as well as an anonymous whistle-blower portal to report so-called ‘inbound offenders’ (Innentäter) – port employees who collaborate with criminal networks.   

But more is needed to build the country’s resilience to organized crime. As other contexts have shown, state efforts work best when they are undertaken in partnership with civil society to create a holistic response. Speaking at the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation conference, Faeser therefore underlined the need for a network-based approach to countering transnational organized crime, one that recognizes the value of consulting law enforcement, governance and development practitioners in the search for innovative mitigation strategies. 

There is also a growing recognition that to gain a better understanding of the problem, it is necessary to look beyond national borders and assess the entire criminal ecosystem. Indeed, Germany is not alone in facing the threat of organized crime, not even within Europe. In recognition of this, the GI-TOC has created a new observatory focused on Europe, based in Berlin. The European observatory will support civil society awareness-raising and improve research and analysis of the rapidly evolving organized crime landscape in Germany and beyond.