Alexandre Bish is a Research Manager in the GI-TOC’s Observatory of Illicit Economies in West Africa. Before his position as research manager, he spent three years researching human smuggling and organized crime dynamics in Niger, Chad and southern Libya as a senior analyst under the Observatory of Illicit Economies in North Africa and the Sahel. He is also a PhD candidate in Security and Crime Science at University College London, funded by the UK’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. His doctoral research focuses on modelling human smuggling and trafficking dynamics on the Central Mediterranean route to Europe.