Italy’s commitment to fighting organized crime has been a key aspect of its political agenda ever since the mafia killings of judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. The country is internationally renowned for its effective responses to criminal syndicates and is recognized as having one of the world’s most sophisticated criminal justice systems. 

The results of the 2023 Global Organized Crime Index show that Italy is one of the few countries in the world with a high level of resilience to organized crime despite having higher than average levels of crime. Notably, the country’s resilience score of 6.46 exceeds its criminality score of 6.22, demonstrating an ability to respond effectively to organized crime despite its prevalence.  

An anti-mafia culture

Civil society organizations and other non-state actors, such as the Church and the private sector, play a vital role in Italy’s fight against organized crime. The country’s landscape of non-state actors committed to combating organized crime ranks among the highest in the world, scoring 7.5 out of 10 under the Index.  

The diversity of Italian public and civil responses to organized crime is showcased annually at the Giorgio Ambrosoli Award Ceremony, held in honour of an Italian lawyer who was murdered in 1979 during one of his investigations. The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC) participated in a panel discussion at the awards ceremony in Milan in July 2024, which held up Italy’s achievements as an example for other countries in Europe facing high levels of criminality. The awards acknowledged 15 ‘silent heroes’, including a restaurant owner who had resisted extortion.  

Another notable initiative is the Trame Festival, a cultural event dedicated to combating the mafia that serves as a forum for discussion, analysis and debate in the region of Calabria, the home of the ‘Ndrangheta. The festival is a manifestation of the strength of the current anti-mafia movement in Italy and a symbol of the country’s ability to push back against the powerful organized crime networks that have long held a firm grip on the country.  

These two events are testament to the recognition and appreciation that the Italian public increasingly affords to civil society groups for their efforts to curb organized crime, often in hostile environments. A 2023 survey found that most Italians believe that non-state actors play a crucial role in combating organized crime.  

In Italy, civil society has focused on areas where the mafia has infiltrated local institutions, and some of these regions have undergone enormous change over the past 30 years thanks to their efforts. Leading Italian associations such as Addiopizzo and Libera are internationally recognized examples that can be adapted to other contexts across Europe to fill the gaps left by state institutions, such as by protecting victims of mafia crimes and their families, providing legal assistance during court proceedings, supporting individuals and businesses affected by racketeering, and redistributing assets confiscated from the mafia. It is also thanks to their work that in regions such as Sicily and Calabria there is no longer the tacit support for the mafia that there once was – this could suggest that Italy has managed to overcome the country’s ‘mafia culture’ and pivoted to an anti-mafia one.  

Lessons for Western Europe

Through the coordination efforts of institutions such as Europol and Eurojust, European law enforcement agencies have achieved a high level of cooperation. However, while law enforcement and the organized crime networks they target are highly integrated across borders, civil society is not. 

A more comprehensive approach is needed in Western Europe, particularly from an analytical perspective, to strengthen the role of civil society in countering organized crime. Despite the success of law enforcement operations, investigations often lack the context-based sociological and anthropological understanding of organized crime that is key to formulating effective policies at regional and international levels.  

Civil society research and analysis are key aspects of a comprehensive approach to countering transnational organized crime. As we enter the third decade of Italian civil society’s tireless work in this area, there are four particularly valuable lessons to be learned for the rest of Western Europe – and beyond.  

First, the creation of broad-based movements involving different sectors of society can effectively combat criminal influence. The Italian emphasis on education and promoting a culture of legality, as the Trame Festival has been doing since 2011, has been instrumental in changing public perceptions and transforming previously ingrained attitudes towards the mafia. This has proven to be a key building block of the high level of resilience to organized crime found in Italy today. 

Second, the provision of comprehensive support systems for victims, including legal, emotional and psychological assistance, and ensuring safe reporting mechanisms to build trust in communities. In countries such as the Netherlands, Sweden and France, where the number of victims of organized crime is rising, the provision of such support is still largely neglected.  

Third, Italian initiatives to use confiscated mafia assets for social good, such as creating social enterprises and community centres, show how economic empowerment can reduce the appeal of organized crime. Advocacy for stronger anti-mafia legislation and active participation in policy dialogues have been crucial to achieving legal reforms, underscoring the importance of building legal expertise. Many countries in Western Europe still lack the tools in their national legal frameworks to prosecute ‘mafia-type’ criminal associations.  

Finally, in contexts where organized crime is still seen as a foreign threat rather than a domestic problem, collaborations and networking can play an important role in creating alliances between research and advocacy, raising awareness about local mafias. The Italian success in using media and digital platforms to raise awareness and mobilize support demonstrates the effectiveness of using technology in these efforts.  

Taken together, these strategies have not only helped to change the public perception of organized crime, but also celebrate integrity and the rule of law, creating a cultural shift that inspires resilience. 


The Observatory of Organized Crime in Europe seeks to research and analyze the growing threat of transnational organized crime in Europe and its connections to criminal markets and networks beyond the continent. It focuses on identifying emerging trends, criminal actors, and routes and hubs of illicit economies that are undermining stability, the rule of law, the licit economy and public health within Europe. The observatory took part in a panel discussion at the Trame Festival in June, which addressed several challenges around researching and investigating organized crime.