The latest storm makes groundfall in Haiti

Haiti once again is being battered by a storm of violence. After a lull between May and September 2024, gang-related attacks have broken out again since October. This latest crisis, part of a year-long cycle of violence, is linked to fractious political developments and serious issues with the country’s public security strategy.

The attacks of recent weeks show it is the gangs, not the state, that are setting the security tempo, as power struggles between the country’s two heads of power – the Transitional Presidential Council on the one side and the government on the other – show the authorities are failing to get to grips with the situation. The criminal groups have taken advantage of institutional collapse and the political vacuum to extend their territorial and governance capabilities. The country’s sovereignty is increasingly shared between public authorities and gangs.

Between May and September, entente between the main gangs led to an uncomfortable truce, a decline in clashes between them and against the police, and a marked drop in the number of murders. But the relative calm was shattered by a massacre committed by the Gran Grif gang on 3 October in the Artibonite region. Apparently launched in retaliation against the population’s attempt to organize against extortion, the largest massacre in the country’s recent history opened a new cycle of violence. Since then, gangs, who are still united in the Viv Ansanm (Living Together) coalition, have resumed offensives in and around the capital, Port au Prince, and further afield in a bid to control strategic land and sea routes, including towards the Malpasse border crossing with the Dominican Republic.

The recent attacks are estimated to have displaced some 40 000 people in the capital since 11 November – the largest forced displacement since UN Migration began tracking data in the country.

The gangs have recently taken territorial control of Solino and the commune of Pétion-Ville, a turning point in their strategy. Solino, a district in the centre of the capital, had resisted the gangs for over a year, thanks to collaboration between the Haiti police and vigilante brigades. Pétion-Ville is the heart of political, economic and international power in Haiti. Gang shootouts just metres from the residences of ambassadors and ministers, and the offices of international organizations show the gangs can attack wherever they please.

A political pyrrhic victory

The resumption of gang attacks coincides with a parallel political conflict that has been brewing since August between the Transitional Presidential Council and Prime Minister Gary Conille, culminating in Conille’s dismissal on 11 November  and his replacement by Alix Didier Fils-Aimé.

Fuelled by personal wrangling and political party battles, the latest rift is further evidence of the fragility of the two-headed structure of Haitian governance. The Council’s rotating president, Leslie Voltaire, was installed in October during an investigation into three of the Council’s members for abuse of office and corruption. Voltaire managed to cling on and cement his position as head of state. But, for the political leaders, it is a Pyrrhic victory: Voltaire and the Transitional Presidential Council now reign over a mountain of ashes. Eight months after its establishment, the Council has not finished forming the Electoral Council, nor made any tangible progress in constitutional reform, which lie at the heart of its mandate. Meanwhile, the new Fils-Aimé government is not yet fully operational.

Equally disconcerting is the apathetic response of the authorities in the face of the recent eruption in violence. As politicians watch things unfold from the sidelines, it reinforces the impression of an institutional and political vacuum. It also bolsters gang leaders’ bravado. Jimmy Chérizier, the spokesman for Viv Ansanm, ridiculed the impotence of the Haitian authorities and the international community, and called for the downfall of the Transitional Presidential Council.

Failing response from the state

Despite some gains made by the police and the Multinational Security Support Mission, a police force approved by the UN Security Council in 2023, the resources are not sufficient to regain control of governance from the gangs. The Mission’s funding currently stands at US$96 million, woefully short of the estimated US$600 million needed to fulfil its operations. This has delayed the arrival of hundreds of additional Kenyan police agents, trained and on standby to leave Nairobi since October.

It is difficult to identify any meaningful inroads on the part of law enforcement, who are outnumbered and outgunned by the criminal groups, whose knowledge of the terrain and ability to open up multiple fronts simultaneously give them tactical advantage. Gangs now control 85% of the capital, no key gang-held territory has been retaken and no criminal leader has been arrested. Gangs and public forces hound each other, but the police do not seem to have the capacity to penetrate or occupy disputed areas over the long term.

In recent months, public debate has focused on the need to beef up capacity of the police and Multinational Security Support Mission with better equipment, such as drones and helicopters. But the most sophisticated armoury will not compensate for the lack of boots on the ground and serious deficits in police intelligence.

To make matters worse for the state, there have been reported incidents of abuses committed by Haitian police officers. International medical organization Doctors Without Borders (MSF) suspended its activities in Haiti on 19 November citing threats and acts of violence attributed to police officers and vigilante brigades against the medical charity’s staff and patients.

These incidents raise questions about the blurring of lines between police and vigilante groups. The number of vigilante units, which have replaced police security in dozens of neighbourhoods in Port-au-Prince, has skyrocketed this year. The anti-gang vigilante brigades on the streets of Haiti personify citizens’ eroded trust in the ability of state law enforcement agents to deal effectively with the gang violence. It is alarming that, in recent months, the government and police service have extolled the merits of what they describe as a mariage police-population (a marriage between the police and the people) and have called on the citizenry to support law enforcement. It is a chillingly dangerous dynamic, considering that many of today’s gangs started out as vigilante groups, and one that sends the message that the state and its police are not able to provide public security. With the development of vigilante brigades, in addition to the gangs’ increasing territorial fragmentation, Haiti is witnessing a situation where armed militia-type actors are multiplying and increasingly taking control of governance functions.

In a political-institutional vacuum, the gangs have weaponized violence to exert pressure on the system. The death toll in Haiti this year includes 4 544 homicides. Meanwhile the constitutional and electoral deadlines recede into the distance. There is an urgent need to establish a clear line of state governance and strategy that will restore at least a modicum of certainty and institutional continuity for the country. The international community must solve a complicated equation, which goes even further than the possibility of deploying a peacekeeping operation. Haiti needs urgent support now and on an enormous scale.


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