On 12 June, the US and Venezuelan governments announced the killing of Héctor ‘Niño’ Guerrero, the leader of one of Venezuela’s most notorious gangs, Tren de Aragua, in an air strike on one of the group’s compounds in the Venezuelan Amazon. Officials from both countries framed his death as a decisive blow against one of the largest criminal organizations in the western hemisphere.

Guerrero built up Tren de Aragua’s control through extortion, kidnapping and bribery. Frequently in and out of prison, he was eventually handed a 17-year sentence in 2018 for crimes including drug trafficking and murder. Even while imprisoned in Tocorón in Aragua state – the gang’s de facto headquarters – his influence grew. In September 2023, thousands of Venezuelan soldiers raided the prison, but Guerrero escaped beforehand, probably having been tipped off by corrupt government officials. He took refuge in Las Claritas, in southern Venezuela.

Tren de Aragua’s portfolio of activities spans drugs, human and arms trafficking, illicit gold mining and extortion. Although rooted in Venezuela, the group has a transnational footprint, with activities in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil and the US. Over the past decade, the group has operated in the resource-rich Venezuelan Amazon, extracting gold and using the region to traffic weapons and cocaine to Brazil. It was designated a foreign terrorist organization by the Trump administration in February 2025.

Since the start of President Trump’s second term, 14 criminal groups from the Americas have been designated as foreign terrorist organizations. Guerrero’s killing by the US authorities suggests these measures are not merely symbolic, but concrete policy instruments capable of driving extraterritorial US military interventions in the Americas. The operation signals to regional governments that similar actions against designated individuals could be carried out, raising questions about sovereignty and bilateral security cooperation.

Colombia has emerged as a key stakeholder in this policy environment. The winner of last month’s Colombian presidential election, Abelardo de la Espriella – endorsed by President Trump – made the threat of air strikes on criminal groups and cooperation in US interventions central to his electoral agenda. In so doing, he signalled that such interventions may become a more regular feature of regional security.

The operation against Guerrero is part of a broader pattern of increasing use of coercive measures to tackle regional organized crime threats. The most notable manifestation of this policy trend has been the dozens of strikes by the US military targeting vessels allegedly linked to drug trafficking networks in the Caribbean and Pacific, killing nearly 200 people.

The strike against Tren de Aragua also highlights growing cooperation between the US and Venezuela following the abduction of President Nicolás Maduro in an overnight raid in January 2026 to face charges in the US. The acting president, Delcy Rodríguez, has complied with US demands to open Venezuela’s oil and mining sectors to foreign investment. This has involved an unprecedented military deployment in the Venezuelan Amazon, where Venezuelan forces have bombed illicit mining sites to dislodge criminal groups and make way for US-backed mining enterprises.

Cooperation between Washington and Caracas has strengthened further in the wake of the double earthquake that hit Venezuela on 24 June, with the US sending search-and-rescue teams and providing over US$200 million in humanitarian funding.

An enduring criminal order

While Guerrero’s death may generate short-term operational and political gains for Washington and Caracas, it is unlikely to fundamentally alter regional criminal dynamics. The power and transnational reach of Tren de Aragua have been widely overstated, largely driven by Trump’s claims that the group engaged in ‘irregular warfare’ against the US and broader public concern about violent crime across the hemisphere.

Rather than a criminal behemoth controlling vast territories and monopolizing illicit markets, Tren de Aragua is one among many Venezuelan criminal organizations operating in the region. These groups share key characteristics, such as extensive access to weapons, longstanding corrupt ties to senior government officials, and ambitions to expand across borders and illicit markets.

Guerrero’s death may trigger succession disputes within Tren de Aragua, but Venezuela’s criminal landscape will remain formidable, particularly since its central brokers are state-embedded criminal actors. These include high-ranking military officers, some of whom have managed to hold on to power since Maduro’s arrest. Many maintain long-standing partnerships with Colombian armed groups to manage regional drug flows, while others have become involved in the illicit gold trade.

These state-linked individuals are likely to exploit recent developments, including Guerrero’s killing and opportunities to redirect earthquake relief funds, to expand their influence over the country’s criminal economies. In addition, vast reserves of critical minerals in the Venezuelan Amazon represent a potentially transformative source of illicit revenue and political leverage, both for criminal networks integrated in Venezuelan institutions and other actors in the region.

In this context, Tren de Aragua’s trajectory will depend less on Guerrero’s death than on efforts by the Venezuelan military to dislodge criminal groups from lucrative mining areas. These operations began in Las Claritas on 9 June, when military officials and inspectors from the Venezuelan Mining Corporation took control of sites previously held by Tren de Aragua and other criminal groups. However, the earthquakes two weeks later have led to military resources being redirected to humanitarian operations along the Caribbean coast. This may offer criminal groups like Tren de Aragua a window to avoid sustained repression and retain their foothold in strategic mining territories in the Amazon.

The killing of Guerrero does not signal a decisive turning point in efforts to curb transnational organized crime in the region. It is more likely to cause temporary disruption within a broader, adaptive criminal ecosystem. Fragmentation may follow, as factions within Tren de Aragua vie for leadership or splinter. Either way, gangs will still have to contend with the dominant figures in Venezuela’s organized crime landscape.

Given opportunities to divert earthquake relief funds, capture rents from lucrative extractive projects and take advantage of sustained US interventions against designated criminal groups, state-embedded illicit actors in Venezuela are well positioned to expand their influence over organized crime across the hemisphere.