Environmental crime in northern Mexico poses an existential threat, sitting at the nexus of organized crime, environmental degradation, corporate malfeasance and community vulnerability.

In Chihuahua, the mountain range of Sierra Tarahumara (‘Sierra’) is home to one of North America’s most biodiverse forested areas but has become a centre of escalating violence and unauthorized timber extraction. In recent years, transnational criminal organizations, most notably factions of the Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (Cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generación, CJNG), have competed for control of the lucrative trade, transforming logging into a multimillion-dollar revenue stream, with illegal timber in Chihuahua now worth the same as the licit market, around US$172 million annually.

In Sonora, which is Mexico’s largest mineral-producing state, criminal dynamics in the mining sector present a distinct but troubling pattern of environmental harm, corruption and state complicity. Large mining companies have been accused of collusion with local authorities, which facilitates permit approvals, water rights concessions and lax environmental impact assessments. High-profile incidents, such as the 2014 toxic spill by Grupo México into the Sonora River, illustrate a blend of corporate negligence and regulatory complicity that perpetuates environmental injustice.

In juxtaposing these two extractive economies, logging and mining, the report demonstrates how the frontier regions of northern Mexico have become battlegrounds. Criminals compete for revenue streams from illegal logging and mining, while the state is (for the most part) wilfully negligent in the face of criminal innovation and corporate rent-seeking.

This report is based on primary research, including multiple freedom of information requests, as well as interviews with a range of sources, including communities impacted by organized crime, Mexican public officials and experts with in-depth knowledge of organized crime dynamics in Chihuahua’s timber industry and Sonora’s mining sector.