Event Details

02 Sep

When

02 Sep 2025
3:30 PM

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Where

Zoom webinar

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Simultaneous interpretation will be available in French.

Une interprétation simultanée en français sera disponible.

Since 2019, some of the world’s most dangerous and sophisticated organized crime groups, rooted in the Western Balkans, but also major players in drug markets across Europe and Latin America, have expanded from their strongholds at either end of the cocaine supply chain to launch operations in West Africa. Until now, they have largely gone unnoticed. 

According to this report, Western Balkans networks have moved multi-tonne consignments of cocaine from Brazil and other exporting areas in Latin America by sea to numerous West African coastal states.

Leveraging their well-established position in cocaine exporting countries in Latin America, criminal groups from the Western Balkans are using West Africa as a logistical, storage and redistribution hub for cocaine shipments en route to European consumer markets and destinations farther afield. “These groups have made inroads into West Africa as a result of rising demand for cocaine in Europe, increased enforcement along direct cocaine trafficking routes to Europe and strengthened partnerships with Latin American cartels, especially Brazil’s Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC)”, explains Fatjona Mejdini, director of the GI-TOC’s Observatory of Illicit Economies in South Eastern Europe.  

The report shows how Western Balkan groups now use multiple trafficking methods in West Africa, exploiting fully containerized routes, un-containerized shipments by smaller vessels, trans-shipments at sea and in-region containerization to conceal the cocaine’s origin. They collaborate with brokers in West African countries who organize logistics and liaise with local actors. ‘The use of brokers is a defining feature of these networks. They provide flexibility, local access and increasingly act as points of convergence between different groups,’ says Sasa Djordevic, one of the co-authors and senior analyst at the GI-TOC.  

‘Operations by Western Balkan criminal networks have contributed to making West Africa a pivotal EU-bound cocaine transshipment node – and the region continues to grow in importance for the global cocaine trade,’ according to Lucia Bird, director of the GI-TOC’s Observatory of Illicit Economies in West Africa.   

Some of the major Western Balkan groups in West Africa are the Montenegrin Kavač clan and its rival, the Škaljari clan. Albanian-speaking groups, which have a strong presence in Spain and Brazil, have also been operating in Senegal and The Gambia, sometimes collaborating with the Italian ‘Ndrangheta or the PCC. The groups’ structures are flexible and typically consist of small, trusted units supported by collaborators. Groups leverage local vulnerabilities to build relationships with corrupt elements of law enforcement, port operators and security services.  

The report suggests that Western Balkan criminal groups are likely to operate more independently in West Africa as they come to rely less on alliances with the ‘Ndrangheta, the PCC and other Western Balkan groups, and instead invest directly in infrastructure and protection mechanisms. As in Latin America, their growing presence is likely to be accompanied by deeper corruption, potential violence and fragmentation into more autonomous cells. The region may also play a growing role as a convenient hub for accommodating Western Balkan fugitives from justice and facilitating money laundering.  

To tackle this escalating threat, the report recommends a coordinated response based on three pillars:  

  • Strategic partnerships: Forging cross-continental law enforcement partnerships grounded in political economy insights and shared priorities, together with greater engagement with maritime shipping companies, which must play a greater role in responding to the global supply chain for cocaine trafficking. Public–private partnerships are essential in this effort. 
  • Enhanced intelligence systems: more granular, dynamic, multi-source data is needed about West Africa’s cocaine trade to underpin profiling and risk assessments, including at European maritime ports operating as gateways for cocaine shipped from the region.  
  • Smart targeting strategies: focusing on blocking the brokers, key nodes in criminal ecosystems, supported by parallel financial and criminal investigations.