This report examines United Nations and international responses to the evolving dynamics of transnational organized crime in Haiti over the past two decades, and how these dynamics have contributed to the country’s current breakdown.

It assesses the extent to which UN peace operations have addressed organized criminal actors and illicit economies, identifies structural limitations in past approaches, and extracts lessons applicable both to Haiti and to peace operations operating in comparable contexts worldwide.

Beyond a retrospective assessment, the report seeks to clarify what is concretely required to contribute to stabilizing Haiti today, and how UN bodies and international partners can more effectively support national and local actors. The growing influence of organized crime, trafficking, and illicit financial flows in Haiti reflects a broader global trend, one that is likely to intensify amid the weakening of multilateral norms and institutions. As a small island state at the heart of transnational criminal flows, Haiti represents a critical test case for the international community’s capacity to confront organized crime in crisis settings.

The Security Council’s decision to establish a new Gang Suppression Force (GSF) provides a pivotal opportunity to reassess past strategies and develop more effective operational approaches. Lessons drawn from Haiti are therefore not only urgent for the country itself, but also potentially instructive for future UN and non-UN interventions confronting organized crime elsewhere.

The report is structured in two parts. The first provides an overview of the current gang landscape in Port-au-Prince and traces the evolution of organized criminal dynamics alongside international responses since 2004, focusing on MINUSTAH, MINUJUSTH, and BINUH. It reviews the tools deployed by successive UN missions, highlights missed warning signs, and analyzes why previous gains proved partial, fragile, or reversible. The second part proposes a practical toolbox for peace operations addressing transnational organized crime, drawing on lessons from Haiti as well as other UN contexts where trafficking and organized crime shape conflict dynamics, including Sudan, South Sudan, and Colombia. The report concludes by outlining a minimum yet feasible pathway forward to improve the situation in Haiti under current constraints.