In January 2025, a 177-carat rough diamond, one of the largest ever found in the Central African Republic (CAR), disappeared without a trace. Sources familiar with the case told the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC) that a US$5 million deal with a licensed South African diamond trader was abruptly cancelled in February, after the CAR-based leader of Russia’s private military company the Wagner Group intervened. The gem’s current whereabouts is unknown, but sources have confirmed that there is no record of it having been legally exported. 

Authorities had unveiled the stone just weeks after the country’s decades-long ban on rough-diamond exports was lifted, and it was hailed as a sparkling symbol of economic recovery. This promise soon gave way, however, to familiar patterns of opacity, predation and capture. 

The incident reflects a broader trend. In the CAR, the mining sector is in the grip of exploitative networks that thrive on the very violence they perpetuate. Historically dominated by actors with ties to China and Lebanon, as well as neighbouring countries such as Cameroon, Chad and Sudan, the sector is now witnessing the emergence of foreign security allies, including Wagner and Rwanda. Their methods differ greatly: Wagner relies on terror and predation to achieve its economic objectives, whereas Rwanda pursues active economic diplomacy, combining formal investments with shadow networks. 

Since late 2020, Wagner and Rwandan forces have become key players in the CAR. By rescuing the government from a rebel coalition, they positioned themselves as the true arbiters of security and economic matters. However, their protection has come at a high cost: control over the country’s strategic resources. What began as military assistance has evolved into the systematic capture of mineral wealth to serve transnational private interests, a process reinforced by the complicity of local elites. 

In 2021, Wagner launched a violent operation targeting armed rebel groups threatening to destabilize the regime. While this campaign dealt a heavy blow to the militias, it simultaneously bolstered the influence of criminal networks linked to political elites, giving them a firmer hold over the broader economy, particularly the extractives sector. For Wagner, controlling Central African mines has become the economic cornerstone of its presence and operations.  

Research by the GI-TOC found that the US-sanctioned entity does not merely secure sites – it seizes them. Its approach has been consistent: by eliminating competitors, intimidating officials and obtaining permits under opaque conditions, it has laundered gold and diamonds through shell companies. The examples abound. For example, Ndassima, an industrialized gold mining site, has been under Wagner’s control since 2020. Mercenaries have blocked official inspections and threatened state agents attempting to enter. ‘Wagner repeatedly threatened an official who tried to oversee their activities,’ said a source familiar with the issue. Later, in 2023, Wagner took control of the Yidéré-Baboua area, known for its artisanal gold mines, through a military operation allegedly marked by atrocities against surrounding communities.  

Interviews undertaken by the GI-TOC revealed that, although Wagner began paying some negligible taxes to the CAR to maintain a presence at the mines, production and profits are not monitored or regulated. Ndassima has been fully operational since late 2022 and reportedly generates around US$100 million annually. However, official documents show that no output is declared and no exports are recorded. Three separate sources indicated to the authors that some of the gold is sold locally to fund Wagner’s operations, but most of it is smuggled abroad, including on covert flights through Somalia to Dubai.  

Wagner’s operations combine violent depredation with a sophisticated, transnational logistics network. These activities drive the group’s military and political influence. The profits are so lucrative that the group persists despite the Russian authorities’ attempts to replace it with the paramilitary group Africa Corps, and it is supported by the CAR’s ruling powers, who depend on its continued presence.  

Rwanda’s involvement in the CAR, meanwhile, has ramped up since 2019, driven by bilateral agreements and close military cooperation. Alongside this expansion, companies and investors linked to Kigali have gained a foothold in the mining sector through various partnerships and ventures. These operations are reportedly conducted under the protection of the Rwandan military. 

According to several sources, alongside these formal investments, large-scale gold smuggling is facilitated by informal Rwandan-linked networks. Shell companies with no operational presence purchase and export untraceable gold, allegedly with the help of complicit airport personnel in Bangui. Other channels involve buyers who claim to have ties to Rwandan refineries and who pre-finance the purchase of gold from territories controlled by armed groups. These practices reveal a sprawling parallel economy that is underpinned by high-level protection.  

The involvement of political and security elites in the CAR compounds the problem. Mining permits have reportedly been granted under irregular conditions. Constitutional reforms reducing parliamentary oversight of mining contracts have amplified the risks, turning the sector into a political bargaining chip and resulting in deals being handed out as rewards to security allies. 

But at the heart of these dynamics lies a human tragedy. Civilians bear the heaviest burden of violence at mining sites, experiencing abuse, forced displacement and thus the obliteration of their livelihoods. ‘The way the Russians treat us is inhumane. They kill people and decapitate the bodies,’ one man, who was expelled from the Yidéré mining site by Wagner men, told the authors. 

Threats, corruption and fear weaken institutions, causing state sovereignty to erode and driving away legitimate investors. This gives way to a criminalized economy with regional and global ramifications, and perpetuates the protracted conflict that has plagued the country for years.  

Yet, with immediate and decisive action, this trajectory can be changed. While acknowledging the full scope of the problem, it is urgent to adopt targeted measures against the national, regional and international actors orchestrating these operations behind the scenes. At the same time, the CAR must establish a robust regulatory and incentive framework in close coordination with international partners, to attract legitimate investment to the mining sector and shield it from organized crime and predatory practices.  

By taking these steps, the country can generate vital financial resources, fund essential reforms – including in the security sector – and firmly reclaim its sovereignty. This is not only an opportunity to create the conditions for peace, but also a strategic necessity to restore state authority, encourage legitimate investment and set the nation on a pathway towards sustainable development.  

The missing diamond serves as a stark reminder that, without urgent reform, the CAR’s mineral wealth will continue to vanish into the opaque networks of predation that have held the country hostage for too long.