The African Union’s 39th Ordinary Session, which took place in Ethiopia from 14–15 February, concluded with a resounding assertion that the continent should take unified action in the face of a world order in rupture.

With geopolitical rivalries intensifying, violence and organized crime increasingly instrumentalized, and coercion openly used as a tool of statecraft, the question is no longer whether global power structures will change, but who will shape them. For Africa, this is a decisive moment: a choice between dignity, sovereignty and prosperity, or a deeper descent into insecurity and exploitation.

The sentiment expressed at the African Union meeting echoed the strong stance taken by Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney at Davos in January, when he challenged the prevailing pessimism by urging middle powers to ‘build a new order’. Insisting that the ‘power of the less powerful begins with honesty’, Carney called for these countries to adjust their strategic approach, pushing back against stronger powers while upholding justice, dignity and shared values.

This is a call that should resonate across the African continent, encouraging nations that have long been sidelined in global decision-making to step forward. For decades, these countries have borne the human cost of unequal globalization – a burden most keenly felt by their young people – amid expanding illicit economies, persistent armed conflicts and increasingly powerful transnational criminal networks. The disintegration of the status quo could empower the people of Africa to shape their own future.

However, at the centre of today’s geopolitical upheaval are predatory global powers intent on exploiting the continent. Africa is rich in strategic resources – coltan and the rare earth minerals critical to emerging technologies and the arms industry; gold, which can be used as a lever against the US dollar; and oil, vital to the world economy – making it both a prize and a battleground. As states race to secure access to these commodities, transnational criminal networks are quick to capitalize on soaring prices and permissive or even supportive environments. The result is a dangerous convergence of competition fuelling corruption, war and oppression, with repercussions felt far beyond Africa’s borders.

Central Africa provides a stark illustration. In eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, the M23 rebel group has seized large areas of land containing significant deposits of strategic minerals, including gold and coltan. These resources are being funnelled through Rwanda, which presents itself as a regional processing hub while laundering conflict zone minerals into the global supply chain.

Despite repeated peace efforts, it is civilians who continue to pay the highest price. Nearly three decades of conflict, driven by power struggles, resource extraction and criminal networks, have claimed millions of lives and continue to threaten regional escalation. The US-brokered peace agreement of June 2025, designed to secure access to critical minerals and ease tensions between Kinshasa and Kigali, has failed to stop the fighting.

Further north, the war in Sudan has followed a similar pattern. Since April 2023, clashes between the Sudan Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces have displaced over 13 million people, triggering one of the world’s largest humanitarian crises. At the heart of the conflict lie Sudan’s gold reserves. Backed by powerful foreign networks, the Rapid Support Forces have established a system of terror that fuels global markets: gold mined in Darfur flows through Dubai to international financial centres, converting local resources into instruments of geopolitical influence and perpetuating cycles of organized mass violence.

In the Central African Republic, Russia’s Wagner Group and its affiliated networks – which are designated by the US administration as a ‘significant transnational criminal organization’ – have become deeply embedded in the country’s political economy. Gold extraction under armed protection has become the backbone of a captured state, met with little resistance from an international community that is increasingly driven by transactional power and resource extraction.

These actions send a stark message: the laws, norms and restraint once exercised by the US and its allies – although applied inconsistently and often in self-interest – have now been completely abandoned. Dictators, rising powers, economic leaders and transnational criminal networks are watching, learning and adapting, and illicit economies are flourishing. If left unchecked, this trend could plunge Africa into an era of unprecedented chaos. For the continent’s people – most of whom are under the age of 25 – the only futures on offer are crime or flight.

African nations are at an inflection point. They can either become further embroiled in a criminalized global system that perpetuates centuries-old patterns of extraction, or they can seize the opportunity to break decisively with that history – asserting collective sovereignty, reclaiming control over their wealth and charting a strategic path toward peace and shared prosperity.

The Non-Aligned Movement, formed in response to the bipolarization of the Cold War, once enabled Global South nations to act collectively in the defence of their sovereignty and security. While the body now holds more symbolic than practical significance, Africa can revive this spirit of unity to defend its strategic interests today. By forming regional coalitions to address security and infrastructure issues, establishing targeted partnerships in specific policy areas such as resources, climate and technology, and forging reciprocal global alliances with middle powers committed to equitable, non-imperial engagement, the continent can safeguard its people and resources and amplify its voice.

The fight against transnational organized crime and illicit economies must be a central pillar within these collaborative efforts. Disrupting such systems is crucial for reducing violence and creating the political and economic conditions necessary for sustainable development.

Africa and its allies have the power to shape a world in which the continent is an architect rather than a bystander – a world in which Africa’s interests are protected and its young people can dream of a future of opportunity and dignity at home. The stakes are high, but so too is the prize.