Fuel trafficking has long been key to the conflict economy in the Central African Republic (CAR), sustaining armed groups and enabling territorial control. The formal fuel sector remained shielded from such interference, but, amid a major government offensive in 2021 and the onset of the global fuel crisis in 2022, criminal networks within the state and connected private firms have taken control.  This shift has also drawn in the Russian Wagner Group, to be rebranded as Africa Corps, the governments primary security partner.

This report examines how fuel in the CAR has become a tool of war and a source of illicit wealth. Based on field interviews, trade data and confidential testimonies, the report exposes how a cartel-like structure, comprising complicit state officials, a monopolistic importer, and security services, has taken hold of fuel imports and distribution, generating between US$17.5 and US$30 million in excess revenues in 2024 alone.

Among the key findings:

  • Monopoly control: The fuel sector has been centralized around Neptune Oil, a politically connected Cameroonian company awarded an exclusive 10-year import license in 2023, sidelining all other licensed marketers in violation of existing law.
  • Criminal infiltration: The Wagner Group has built a parallel illicit fuel supply chain to support joint operations with CAR’s military and facilitate illegal mining, including its associated gold extraction company, under international sanctions.
  • Tax evasion and exemptions: Fuel is imported with inflated premiums and opaque tax regimes, depriving the state of revenue while increasing costs for consumers.
  • Confiscated infrastructure: Government-seized fuel stations now distribute both formal and informal fuel, benefiting insiders and operating outside regulatory frameworks.

The report highlights how the CAR’s fuel supply system has become criminalized through opaque pricing, tax irregularities, smuggling, and elite enrichment – all while essential public infrastructure and populations remain underserved, and face fuel prices that rank amongst the highest in the world. The study is part of the mapping project of the Central Africa Observatory, a joint initiative of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) and the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC). The project charts criminal economies and armed violence in the region by identifying the key actors, activities, and sectors driving transnational crime and fueling conflict.

The study recommends urgent reforms, including an independent audit of the fuel sector, strengthened enforcement mechanisms, and international sanctions targeting operators linked to sanctioned entities.