On 28 October, police in Rio de Janeiro launched a ‘mega-operation’ targeting the Comando Vermelho (Red Command – CV), one of Brazil’s largest criminal organizations. During the crackdown, 2 500 civil and military police officers raided two residential neighbourhoods controlled by the CV, resulting in a 15-hour shoot-out. At least 121 people were killed, including four law enforcement officers, making it the most violent police action in Brazilian history.

The raid focused on the CV-controlled Alemão and Penha favelas, which are home to over 200 000 people, and led to the closure of Rio’s schools, universities and health clinics. The criminal group dropped bombs from drones and ignited large roadside fires in an attempt to halt the invasion, before ordering a shutdown of the city. CV operatives seized buses and trucks and blocked major thoroughfares, grinding Brazil’s second largest city to a halt.

The authorities had stated that the aim of the action was to block the CV’s territorial expansion and to execute 100 arrest warrants against its members. Following the raid, police commanders proudly declared that the strategy they deployed to achieve these stated goals had been to corner the CV in the dense forest between the favelas, where elite commandos were stationed and ready to attack. Most of the killings occurred in this secluded area, away from street cameras that could have provided insight into what took place. A total of 74 bodies were recovered in this forest area, several of which bore stab wounds, while others were decapitated by close-range rifle fire. Many of these victims were low-level CV members, and some civilians were also caught in the crossfire. Ultimately, the police only apprehended 20 of the 100 people whose arrest warrants had precipitated the operation.

Despite the unprecedented death toll, the Rio state government defended the operation as ‘legal and necessary’, and declared it a success. Governor Cláudio Castro stated that the only victims were the four slain police officers and that the CV members were ‘narcoterrorists’. Police authorities, meanwhile, said the operation represented the most significant setback to the CV since its establishment in Rio’s prison system in the late 1970s.

The Rio police force has long been one of the most violent in Brazil, a trend that has continued under Castro. Before this month, the city’s most lethal police operation was the 2021 Jacarezinho massacre, in which 28 people lost their lives. The recent operation thus represents a dramatic escalation in Brazil’s militaristic approach to tackling organized crime.

The thousands of officers mobilized for the 28 October raid simply withdrew at the end of the day, leaving community residents to collect the bodies and deal with the violent aftermath without institutional support. Furthermore, the police’s swift departure meant that the CV’s criminal authority in Alemão and Penha remains firmly intact. Given this outcome, it is difficult to characterize the crackdown a success.

Nevertheless, a survey conducted two days after the deadly violence found that 62% of Rio’s residents viewed the police operation positively. Among favela residents, whose daily lives are shaped by criminal gangs, the figure grew to 88%. This generally positive public reaction to the raid has been reflected in Brazilian media coverage, with commentators largely interpreting the action as a necessary measure to contain organized crime.

Overall, however, the strategic gains of the operation are minimal. The CV will absorb the loss of resources and the killing of minor operatives without too much difficulty, and has retained its territorial control over vast swathes of Rio. Indeed, a third of the city’s population, over 2 million people, currently live under the group’s governance – a figure that has only been rising since 2017. In the neighbourhoods under its authority, the CV enforces rules of conduct, adjudicates community disputes and manages the street drug trade. It also practises extortion, charging residents fees for access to basic services, and inflicts lethal punishments on those who disobey its directives. The organization’s ample cash flow, which stems from transnational drug trafficking and various other licit and illicit activities, suffered no disruption as a result of the raid.

The CV’s leadership and command structure were also unaffected. The Rio police failed to capture their most important target: Edgar Alves de Andrade, also known as Doca, the group’s boss in Penha and one of its main national leaders. And with a membership contingent that is likely to range between 30 000 and 40 000, the organization retains the capacity to dominate criminal governance in Rio and compete with the Primeiro Comando da Capital (First Command of the Capital – PCC) for national supremacy.

In Brazil, large-scale police interventions against organized crime are usually prompted by high-profile acts of criminal violence. However, this was not the case in Rio. Instead, this operation was launched amid significant electoral and policy disputes surrounding public security in Brazil.

Castro is a close ally of former president Jair Bolsonaro, who favoured a shoot-to-kill approach to public security, and has been attempting to strengthen his tough-on-crime credentials ahead of a prospective bid for the Federal Senate seat next year. He has opposed President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s proposed public security bill, which aims to increase federal oversight of police powers. This is perceived as a threat to the political authority of state governors, such as Castro, who currently set their own public security strategies and command large law enforcement forces. By launching an unprecedented police operation, the Rio governor sent a message to the federal government that he would oppose any attempts to impose institutional constraints on the state’s public security agenda.

The 28 October operation therefore represents a turning point for Brazilian policing. Its unprecedented scale and violence, coupled with the generally positive public response, set a new precedent in Brazil and beyond. The Rio state government has vastly raised the scale of lethal force that can be acceptably deployed in the name of combating organized crime. It has also effectively trialled the use of this extensive lethal violence as a tool to settle policy disputes. Furthermore, by equating criminals with terrorists, both rhetorically and operationally, the narrative deployed by the Rio government strengthens the narcoterrorism playbook espoused by other regional leaders, such as President Nayib Bukele of El Salvador, to justify military crackdowns.

In addition, this approach risks stifling inter-agency collaborations that have recently emerged in Brazil as a promising alternative to combat organized crime. Carbono Oculto (‘Hidden Carbon’), perhaps the most prominent example, involved federal tax authorities, financial intelligence units, prosecutors and federal and state-level police, and severely debilitated the PCC, depriving it of at least BRL30 billion (US$5.6 billion) in assets without the use of lethal violence. Given the increased resistance of state governments to cooperation with federal agencies, it is difficult to envisage similar task forces emerging in the future.

Fundamentally, the mano dura approach largely fails to produce long-term gains in the fight against organized crime. Brazil last witnessed lethal state interventions on this scale in 1992, when the São Paulo police killed 111 prison inmates in what became known as the Carandiru massacre. Similarly to Castro and his police commanders, the São Paulo state government at the time portrayed the massacre as an important show of strength against criminality. In the aftermath, however, a group of inmates banded together to prevent further police violence. This collective became known as the PCC.

The 28 October massacre in Rio risks repeating this devastating cycle. As history has shown, lethal police responses to organized crime often serve to exacerbate the problems they are intended to solve.