Event Details

20 Oct

When

20 Oct 2025
3 PM

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Where

Zoom Webinar

West Africa is a region marked by profound economic dynamism but persistent insecurity. Over the past five years, a complex mosaic of conflicts, weak governance and armed group activity has created an environment in which illicit economies have thrived. Banditry, kidnappings and organized criminal activity have become increasingly prevalent in Nigeria, the Sahel and beyond. Cross-border illicit ecosystems bind together crime and conflict across the region, while political divides have stymied collaboration and created a volatile landscape in which civilians, states and non-state actors constantly negotiate control, resources and authority.

This report presents the findings of the 2025 illicit hub mapping in West Africa, providing an updated snapshot of illicit economy dynamics across the region. It also analyses the findings of the Illicit Economies and Instability Monitor (IEIM), an expert-led tool that offers a quantitative assessment of how illicit economies fuel violence and instability. The IEIM assigns each identified hub a score and classification, identifying those in which illicit economies play the greatest role as drivers of conflict and insecurity.

Drawing on over 700 interviews and continuous monitoring, the report maps 350 illicit hubs across 18 countries, spanning West Africa and parts of Central Africa. The research shows that one in five hubs play a significant role as vectors of conflict, violence and instability, with most concentrated in the Sahel, Central Africa and northern Nigeria. Illicit economies in a smaller number of hubs in the northern areas of littoral states play a material but not significant role, while the majority, particularly in coastal states, have a more limited link to instability.

Five specific illicit economies – kidnapping, cattle rustling, the illicit arms trade, the illicit gold trade, and extortion and protection racketeering – are particularly significant in shaping the regional conflict landscape. Referred to as “accelerant markets,” these economies intensify instability where armed groups expand into new territories or entrench themselves in existing ones. The report finds that armed groups not only use illicit economies for financing and resources but also to build legitimacy among local communities. This both strengthens their operations and erodes trust in formal institutions, posing long-term threats to state control.

By revealing granular, subnational dynamics, the 2025 illicit hub mapping provides policymakers, law enforcement, and analysts with a clear picture of the intersections between crime and instability. The report and accompanying interactive online tool offer evidence-based insights to guide interventions that target the most significant geographies and economies, from gold sector formalization and cattle sector regulation to supporting communities living near areas exploited by armed groups.

About the project

This research is delivered by the GI-TOC as part of the ‘Support to the Mitigation of Destabilizing Effects of Transnational Organised Crime (M-TOC)’. The M-TOC project is an ECOWAS project commissioned by the German Federal Foreign Office, implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, and the GI-TOC, from 2024 to 2025. The project aims to map regional illicit markets in West Africa in order to improve the evidence base for stabilisation and peacebuilding interventions, and to strengthen the engagement of civil society and state actors in the fight against criminal markets.

Live interpretation will be available in English and French.